A second gradient cohesive element for mode I crack propagation

Modeling strain localization with a second gradient model can become problematic at the late stages of softening response, when terms significant compared to first terms. This is particularly true for mode I crack problems where an unrealistic spreading localized zone be encountered. To deal these limitations, novel interface element propagation introduced. It shown that able correctly reproduce all different phases up failure; adherence phase, localization, transition from strains cohesive zones and full opening.